Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with or without COVID-19 exposure

Background: Scientific information on the impact of malaria on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited in the Ghanaian context. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between selected risk markers of T2DM in falciparum malaria patients post-COVID-19 or not at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of 38-recovered COVID-19 adult participants with malaria and 40 unexposed COVID-19 adults with malaria at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Demographic, anthropometric and levels of glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and lipid profiles were measured in the two groups of participants under fasting conditions. Parasitaemia was assessed microscopically but insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed by the homeostatic model. Results: The COVID-19 exposed participants were older (p=0.035) with lower parasitaemia (p=0.025) but higher mean levels of insulin, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with their unexposed counterparts (p<0.05). Parasitaemia correlated positively with a number of the measured indices of diabetogenic risk markers in the COVID-19 exposed group only, and predicted (Adjusted R2=0.751; p=0.031) by beta-cell function, C-reactive protein and triglycerides with the model explaining about 75% of the observed variation. Parasitaemia could only be predicted (Adjusted R2=0.245; p=0.002) by C-reactive protein with the model explaining just about a quarter of the observed variation in the COVID-19 unexposed group. Insulin resistance and sub-optimal beta-cell function were detected in both groups of participants. Conclusion: Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers for development of T2DM irrespective of COVID-19 exposure. Insulin resistance, inflammation and sub-optimal beta-cell secretory function may drive the risk. The observed diabetogenic risk is higher in the recovered COVID-19 participants.

Prévalence et facteurs associés des déficits neurocognitifs chez les patients diabétiques admis au centre neuro-psychopathologique de Kinshasa / NA

Objectif de l'étude.Préciser, chez les diabétiques, la fréquence et les facteurs associés des troubles neurocognitifs. Patients et Méthode. Une étude cas-témoin menée de janvier à décembre 2020 au Centre Neuro-Psychopathologique de l'Université de Kinshasa. Le diabète sucré (DS) a été diagnostiqué selon les critères biologiques de l'OMS et les fonctions neurocognitives évaluées à l'aide du test de Grober et Buschke après un dépistage avec le community screening interview for dementia (CSI-D). Résultats. Cinquante cas et 50 témoins ont été inclus. La fréquence globale des troubles neurocognitifs était de 58%. L'âge moyen des patients diabétiques atteints de troubles neurocognitifs était de 60,48 ± 6,90 ans avec un sex ratio (H/F) de 0,81. Les troubles neurocognitifs étaient en proportion élevés chez les diabétiques qui avaient un DS évoluant entre 6 et 10 ans. Les troubles mnésiques étaient associées au DS ; OR: 3,58, IC 95% [1,29-5,87], p = 0,003 ; avec prédominance d'amnésie d'évocation (65%). Les troubles neurocognitifs chez les diabétiques étaient influencés par l'âge ≥ 60 ans, l'HTA, le manque de ressource sure de revenue financière, les AVC et la durée du diabète supérieure à 5 ans. Le DS demeurait, après ajustement sur différents facteurs, un facteur de risque des troubles neurocognitifs avec un OR ajusté = 3,63, IC 95% [1,86-6,70] et un p = 0, 0001.Conclusion. Les diabétiques sont plus enclins aux troubles neurocognitifs que les non diabétiques. Des facteurs de risque pouvant influencer la survenue de ces troubles ont été identifiés.

Objective. To specify, in diabetics, the frequency and associated factors of neurocognitive disorders.Patients and Method. A case-control study conducted from January to December 2020 at the Neuro-Psychopathological Center of the University of Kinshasa. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was diagnosed according to WHO biological criteria and neurocognitive functions assessed using the Grober and Buschke test after screening by the community screening interview for dementia (CSI-D).Results. Fifty cases and 50 controls were included. The overall frequency of neurocognitive disorders was 58%. The mean age of diabetic patients with neurocognitive disorders was 60.48 ± 6.90 years with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.81. Neurocognitive disorders were in high proportion in diabetics who had DM evolving between 6 and 10 years. Memory disorders were associated with DM; OR: 3.58, 95% CI [1.29-5.87], p = 0.003; with predominance of evocation amnesia (65%). Neurocognitive disorders in diabetics were influenced by age ≥ 60 years, hypertension, lack of secure financial income, stroke and duration of diabetes more than 5 years. DM remained, after adjustment for various factors, a risk factor for neurocognitive disorders with an adjusted OR = 3.63, 95% CI [1.86-6.70] and a p = 0.0001.Conclusion. Diabetics are more prone to neurocognitive disorders than non-diabetics. Risk factors that may influence the occurrenceof these disorders have been identified

Facteurs associés à la survenue du diabète chez les patients admis dans les services d' accueil des urgences de deux hôpitaux de Dakar en 2018 (Sénégal): Étude transversale / NA

Introduction :Au Sénégal, le profil épidémiologique en termes de diabète n'est pas clairement établi chez les patients reçus dans les services d'accueil des urgences (SAUs). L'objectif était de déterminer les facteurs associés à la survenue du diabète chez les patients admis dans les SAUs de deux hôpitaux de Dakar.Méthodes : L'étude était transversale et analytique. La collecte des données a eu lieu du 25 janvier au 05 mars 2018. La taille de l'échantillon était de 615 patients. L'entretien en face en face était réalisé. Les facteurs de risque étaient identifiés à l'aide d'une régression logistique. Les résultats étaient exprimés à l' aide de l'odds ratio ajusté (ORa) et entouré de son intervalle de confiance à 95% (IC95%) Résultats : Les patients étaient des hommes, âgés de moins de 40 ans, mariés et sans emploi dans respectivement 52,4%, 44,5%, 64,5% et 53,3% des cas. En outre, la consommation des fruits et légumes et la pratique du sport étaient insuffisantes chez respectivement 96,4% et 72% des patients. Par ailleurs, 16,9% des sujets interrogés étaient diabétiques. Les facteurs de risque de la survenue de la maladie étaient l'âge avancé, le statut sans emploi et l'obésité: patients âgés entre 40 et 69 ans (ORa=21,184; IC95%=[6,11-73,41]), patients âgés d'au moins 70 ans (ORa=12,62; IC95%=[3,29-48,28]), patients sans travail (ORa=3,47; IC95%=[1,69-7,10]) et patients obèses (ORa=3,17; IC95%=[1,35-7,45]).Conclusion : La fréquence du diabète est élevée chez les patients admis en consultation dans les SAUs des hôpitaux de Dakar. Cette étude montre que recherche du diabète chez cette catégorie de patients devrait être une pratique courante et qu'il urge de mettre en place des actions de promotion de la santé.

Profil glucido-lipidique et risque cardiovasculaire chez les diabétiques de type 2 / Carbohydrate and lipid profile associated with cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetics

Introduction-Le diabète est un véritable problème de santé publique du fait de ses nombreuses complications potentielles, notamment cardiovasculaires. Notre objectif était de décrire le profil clinico-biologique chez une population de diabé tique type 2 et d'étudier la relation entre l'équilibre glycémique et les anomalies lipidiques avec les complications micro et macroangiopathiques. Matériels et méthodes -Nous avons mené une étude rétrospective portant sur 341 pa tients diabétiques type 2.Les données ont été analysées par le logiciel IBM® SPSS statis tics 20.0. Seules, les associations significatives (p ≤ 5%) étaient retenues. Résultats - quatre-vingt deux pourcent et demi des patients ont un taux d'HbA1c ≥7 %. Plus de 60 % ont une dyslipidémie. Cinquante deux pourcent des patients ont un taux du LDLc ≤ 1 g/l, et 64,4 % ont un taux du Non-HDLc >1g/l. Environ 66 % des patients ont une hypertension artérielle. quarante pourcent des patients ont présenté une macroangio pathie et 66,8 % une microangiopathie (p=0,0001). L'analyse par régression logistique, a montré que l'HbA1c est le paramètre biologique le plus associé aux complications macroangiopathiques (p=0,008), alors que pour les complications micro-angiopathiques, l'HTA était le seul facteur associé (p = 0,03). Pour la cardiopathie ischémique, la dyslipi démie et l'HTA étaient les facteurs les plus associés. Conclusion -Notre étude a montré une fréquence élevée des complications micro et macroangiopathiques et des anomalies lipidiques, ainsi qu'un très mauvais équilibre glycémique. L'HbA1c, la dyslipidémie et l'HTA sont les facteurs les plus associés au risque cardiovasculaire.

Background-Diabetes is a real health public problem because of its many potential complications, particularly the cardiovascular ones.The aim of this work was to describe the clinical and biological profile in type 2 diabetic population, then to study the relationship between glycemic control and lipid abnormalities with micro and macro vascular complications. Methods - It was about a retrospective study of 341 type 2 diabetes patients' with an average age of 60.1 ± 11.71 years.The IBM® SPSS statistics 20.0 software was used for analyzing data. Only significant associations (p ≤ 5%) were retained. Results -An HbA1c level ≥7% was observed in 82,5% of patients, More than 60% have dyslipidemia. 52,8% of them have an LDLc level ≤ 1 g/l, and 64,4% have a Non-HDLc level >1g/l. Sixty-six percent of patients have high blood pressure. The macrovascular disorders were observed on 30,9% of patients and microvascular ones on 66,8% of them (p = 0.0001).The logistic regression analysis showed that HbA1c was the most significant biological parameter (p=0,008). while for micro-vascular complications, high blood pressure was the only associated factor (p = 0.03). For ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure were the most associated factors. Conclusion - this study showed a high frequency of micro and macrovascular complications, lipid abnormalities and a very poor glycemic control. The elevation of HbA1c level, the high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are the most associated factors with a high cardiovascular risk.

Percepção de barreiras à prática de atividades físicas por pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Perception of barriers to the practice of physical activities by type 2 diabetic patients

O diabete melito está entre as principais causas de mortalidade no mundo e pode ser agravada pela inatividade física. O objetivo deste estudo descritivo transversal foi identificar as barreiras percebidas para a prática de atividade física sob a perspectiva dae pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Participaram 220 pacientes (111 mulheres e 109 homens), com média de idade de 62,9 anos. Foram coletados índice de massa corporal, dados sociodemográficos e informações relacionadas ao histórico de doenças preexistentes. Para a análise das barreiras percebidas para a prática de atividades físicas, utilizou-se um questionário estruturado e validado para a população adulta brasileira proposto por Martins&Petroski. As barreiras foram analisadas individualmente e agrupadas em domínios ambiental, comportamental, físico e social. Em conclusão, as barreiras percebidas foram a falta de interesse (38,6%), cansaço físico (32,3%) e jornada de trabalho extensa (26,3%) e, assim, medidas devem ser adotadas visando minimizar os efeitos dessas barreiras e promover a atenção primária à saúde à essa população

Diabetes is among the leading causes of mortality in the world and can be aggravated by physical inactivity. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to identify the perceived barriers to the practice of physical activity from the perspective of type 2 diabetic patients. 220 diabetic patients participated in the research (111 women and 109 men), with a mean age of 62.9 years. Body mass index, sociodemographic data and information related to the history of preexisting diseases were collected. For the analysis of perceived barriers to the practice of physical activities, a structured and validated questionnaire for the Brazilian adult population proposed by Martins&Petroski was used. Barriers were analyzed individually and grouped into environmental, behavioral, physical and social domains. In conclusion, the main barriers perceived were lack of interest (38.6%), physical fatigue (32.3%) and long working hours (26.3%) and, them, measures should be taken to minimize the effects of these barriers, in order to promote primary health care in this population

Uso "off label" de plantas medicinais para tratamento do diabete melito / "Off label" use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

As plantas medicinais são de fácil aquisição sem receita médica. Algumas delas possuem comprovação científica para o efeito hipoglicemiante, outras não. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a prevalência e o perfil do paciente que usa plantas medicinais como coadjuvantes no tratamento do diabete. Foram entrevistados 140 diabéticos e pré-diabéticos agrupados em quem fazia o uso dessa alternativa e os que não. Em conclusão, a prevalência foi de 15,7%, maior em mulheres. A medicação prescrita foi metformina. A planta mais utilizada foi a pata-de-vaca. O grupo em uso referiu melhora glicêmica com a terapia complementar quando questionados sobre a glicemia uma semana antes e na semana de uso

Medicinal plants are easily available without a prescription. Some of them have scientific proof for the hypoglycemic effect, others do not. The objective of this study was to know the prevalence and profile of patients who use medicinal plants as adjuncts in the treatment of diabetes. A total of 140 diabetics and pre-diabetics were interviewed, grouped into those who used this alternative and those who did not. In conclusion, the prevalence was 15.7%, higher in women. The medication prescribed was metformin. The most used plant was the pata-de-vaca. The group in use reported glycemic improvement with the complementary therapy when asked about the glycemia one week before and in the week of use

O impacto do diabete melito tipo 1 nos pacientes pediátricos: análise através de desenhos / The impact of diabetes mellitus type 1 on pediatric patients: analysis through drawings

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is a chronic, multifactorial, autoimmune disease that is prevalent in children, adolescents and, in rarer cases, young people. Emotional and physical tensions accompany the patient and family from the moment the diagnosis was made. Initially, when DM1 is discovered, a series of restrictions, new habits are required from patients. In this scenario, it is important that the doctor-patient communication is effective, able to deal with all these adversities. Objective: To verify the quality of life of diabetic pediatric patients through a design analysis. Method: Qualitative analysis study which included: a) patients older than 6 and younger than 14 years old able to draw; b) have a minimum time of 6 months of diagnosis; c) having been applied and answered a pediatric quality of life questionnaire (PedsQL) by those responsible. Results: The drawings in general revolved around food deprivation and daily procedures, demonstrating the real understanding that the child has of the disease from the initial dilemmas to the daily confrontations. Conclusion: Through the interpretation of the drawings along with the questionnaires to the parents, it was possible to assess the emotional impact of DM1 on the lives of children, who were happier and freer when imagining the absence of the disease

Introdução: O diabete melito tipo 1 (DM1) é doença crônica, multifatorial, autoimune que tem por prevalência afetar crianças, adolescentes e em casos mais raro os jovens. As tensões emocionais e físicas acompanham o paciente e a família desde o momento em que foi feito o diagnóstico. Inicialmente ao se descobrir o DM1 uma série de restrições, novos hábitos passam a ser exigidos dos pacientes. Neste cenário é importante que a comunicação médico-paciente seja efetiva, que consiga lidar com todas estas adversidades. Objetivo: Verificar a qualidade de vida do paciente pediátrico diabético através de uma análise de desenho. Método: Estudo de análise qualitativa onde foram incluídos: a) pacientes maiores de 6 e menores que 14 anos capazes de desenhar; b) ter tempo mínimo de 6 meses de diagnóstico; c) ter sido aplicado e respondido questionário (PedsQL) de qualidade de vida pediátrica pelos responsáveis. Resultados: Os desenhos em geral giraram em torno da privação alimentar e dos procedimentos cotidianos, demostrando o real entendimento que a criança tem da doença desde os dilemas iniciais até os enfrentamentos diários cotidianos. Conclusão: Através da interpretação dos desenhos junto com os questionários aos pais, foi possível avaliar o impacto emocional da DM1 na vida das crianças, que se mostraram mais felizes e livres ao imaginarem a ausência da doença.

Perfil de pacientes com lesão renal aguda dialítica de uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Profile of patients with dialytic acute kidney injury from an intensive care unit

A lesão renal aguda que se instala ou agrava em ambiente hospitalar é mais grave que a adquirida na comunidade. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de pacientes com lesão renal aguda tratados por hemodiálise. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo, descritivo com análise dos prontuários de 58 pacientes. Foram coletados dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais. Resultados: Na amostra analisada a idade variou de 16 a 85 anos (média 59 anos); houve predomínio da raça branca (78%); do sexo masculino (71%); de idade 60 anos ou mais (62%); com fatores de risco (86%); e comorbidade relacionada às doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (72%) e diabete (19%). Conclusão: O diagnóstico da doença de base mais frequente foi de origem pré-renal (55%) e a mortalidade ocorreu em 90% dos casos. O percentual de pacientes idosos com insuficiência renal aguda dialítica foi elevado gerando alta morbimortalidade

Acute kidney injury that settles or worsens in a hospital environment is more serious than that acquired in the community. Objective: To describe the profile of patients with acute kidney injury treated by hemodialysis in Intensive Care Unit. Method: It is a retrospective, quantitative, descriptive study with analysis of medical records of 58 patients. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Results: In the analyzed sample, age ranged from 16 to 85 years (average 59); there was a predominance of white race (78%); male (71%); aged 60 years or older (62%); with factors of risk (86%); and comorbidity related to cardiovascular diseases, systemic arterial hypertension (72%) followed by diabetes (19%). Conclusion: The diagnosis of the most frequent underlying disease was of pre-renal origin (55%) and mortality occurred in 90% of cases. The percentage of elderly patients with acute renal failure on dialysis was high, generating high morbidity and mortality

Causes infectieuses de décompensation du diabète: « un prédateur infectieux se cache chez tout diabétique en Afrique¼ / Infectious causes of diabetes decompensation: "an infectious predator hides in any diabetic in Africa"

Introduction : Les infections survenant chez les sujets diabétiques ont été longtemps considérées comme une des causes de l'accroissement de la morbidité et de la mortalité. Elles représentent un motif de plus en plus fréquent d'admission dans le service de médecine interne du Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Thiès. Les mécanismes sont plus ou moins élucidés par l'influence de l'hyperglycémie sur les fonctions des polynucléaires neutrophiles. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les particularités épidémiologiques des infections chez les diabétiques. Patients et Méthode : Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective avec recueil de données réalisée sur 24 mois (1er janvier 2016 au 31 décembre 2018) au service de Médecine Interne du Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Thiès. Cette étude incluait tous les patients diabétiques quel que soit le genre et le type de diabète, âgés de 15 ans et plus, présentant une infection comme facteur principal de décompensation. Résultats : Durant la période d'étude 2350 patients ont été hospitalisés dans le service de médecine interne dont 390 diabétiques. Parmi eux, 138 patients ont répondu à nos critères d'inclusion soit une prévalence de 35,38%. La moyenne d'âge de nos malades était de 53,49 ans ± 15,65 ans avec un sex-ratio H/F était de 0,70 en faveur des femmes (81 femmes contre 57 hommes). Les infections responsables de la décompensation étaient à localisation cutanéo-muqueuse (30,4%), pulmonaire (22,4%), uro-génitale (18,11%), buccodentaire (10,11%), ORL (1,44%), phanérienne (0,72%). Ailleurs, une infection aux pieds était retrouvée chez 43 patients soit 31,15% des cas. Plusieurs infections pouvaient être présentes chez un même malade. Le diabète était déséquilibré dans 86,2 % (n=94) des cas avec une HbA1c moyenne à 10, 5 % à l'admission Nous n'avons pas noté de corrélation entre l'infection et l'ancienneté du diabète (p =0, 60), l'infection et le type de diabète (p = 0,50) et paradoxalement entre l'infection et le déséquilibre du diabète (p=0,70). Conclusion : Le dépistage des infections chez le diabétique en déséquilibre chronique ou diabétique de novo doit être systématique car généralement ces infections peuvent être asymptomatiques.

Introduction: Infections in people with diabetes have long been considered one of the causes of increased morbidity and mortality. They represent an increasingly frequent reason for admission to the Department of Internal Medicine of the Regional and University Hospital of Thies. The mechanisms are more or less elucidated by the influence of hyperglycemia on neutrophil polynuclear functions. The purpose of this study is to determine the epidemiological characteristics of infections in diabetics. Method: This was a retrospective study with data collected over 24 months (1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018) at the Internal Medicine Department of the Regional and University Hospital of Thies. This study included all diabetic patients, regardless of gender and type of diabetes, aged 15 years and older, with an infection as the primary decompensation factor. Result: During the study period 2,350 patients were hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department, 390 of whom were diabetic. Of these, 138 patients met our inclusion criteria, a prevalence of 35.38%. The average age of our patients was 53.49 years 15.65 years with a sex-ratio H/F was 0.70 in favor of women (81 Women versus 57 Men). The infections responsible for decompensation were dermal localization (30.4%), pulmonary (22.4%), urogenital (18.11%), oral (10.11%), ENT (1.44%), phanerian (0.72%). Elsewhere, a foot infection was found in 43 patients or 31.15% of cases. Several infections could be present in the same patient. Diabetes was unbalanced in 86.2% (n=94) of cases with an average HbA1c of 10.5% at admission We did not find a correlation between the infection and the age of diabetes (p =0, 60), the infection and the type of diabetes (p = 0.50), and paradoxically between the infection and the imbalance of diabetes (p = 0.70). Conclusion: The detection of infections in diabetics in chronic imbalance or de novo diabetics must be systematic because generally these infections can be asymptomatic.

Prévalence et facteurs associés au diabète chez les conducteurs de taxi-motos de la ville de Parakou (Bénin) en 2021 / Prevalence and associated factors with diabetes among motorcycle taxi drivers in the city of Parakou (Benin) in 2021

Introduction : le diabète est un véritable fléau mondial par sa prévalence en croissance. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de déterminer la prévalence du diabète et d'identifier les facteurs associés au diabète chez les conducteurs de taximotos de la ville de Parakou en 2021. Méthodes : il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique concernant les conducteurs de taxi-motos de la ville de Parakou et réalisée du 08 février au 31 mars 2021. Résultats : au total 422 conducteurs de taxi-motos enquêtés. L'âge moyen était de 36,45±10 ans ; 85,8% avaient un revenu mensuel d'au moins 40000 FCFA, 9,7% avaient une hypertension artérielle. L'anxiété et la dépression étaient présentes respectivement chez 5,5% et 15,9 % des sujets enquêtés. La prévalence du diabète était de 2,84%. Les facteurs qui étaient significativement associés sont l'âge de 30 ans et plus (p=0,001), le tour de taille élevé (p=0,03) et la durée de sommeil journalier anormale (p=0,03). Conclusion : la prévalence du diabète est faible chez les conducteurs de taxi-motos et les facteurs associés sont l'âge de 30 ans et plus, le tour de taille élevé et la durée de sommeil journalier anormale. Il est important de communiquer pour un changement de comportement afin que les conducteurs de taximotos adoptent une hygiène de vie saine.

Introduction: Diabetes is a real global scourge due to its growing prevalence. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of diabetes and to identify the associated factors with diabetes among motorcycle cab drivers of Parakou city in 2021. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of motorcycle cab drivers in Parakou, city conducted from February 8 to March 31, 2021. Results: a total of 422 subjects surveyed. The average age was 36.45±10 years; 85.8% had a monthly income of at least 40,000 FCFA, 9.7% had high blood pressure. Anxiety and depression were present respectively in 5.5% and 15.9% of the subjects surveyed. The prevalence of diabetes was 2.84%. The factors that were significantly associated with diabetes were age 30 years and older (p=0.001), high waist circumference (p=0.03) and abnormal daily sleep duration (p=0.03). Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes is low among motorcycle cab drivers and the associated factors are age 30 years and over, high waist circumference and abnormal daily sleep duration.

Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy detected by vibration perception threshold among adults with and without diabetes attending a general outpatient clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria

The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence, severity, and symptoms of Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy (DSP) among adult patients with diabetes and those without diabetes in a primary care clinic. It was a cross-sectional comparative study involving 72 adults of between 40-60 years of age living with diabetes and 72 age-matched adults without diabetes. DSP was assessed with a biothesiometer device, and data analysis was performed using the SPSS Version 21 statistical software. The overall prevalence of neuropathy among the participants was 68.1% for those living with diabetes and 38.9% for the other group. Furthermore, 22.3% of the diabetes group had severe neuropathy compared with 8.3% of the other group. These differences were found to be statistically significant with p=0.001 (df = 2, X2 = 14.07). We reported higher prevalence and severity of DSP in those living with diabetes. We also found significant association between high VPT (≥25V) and presence of neuropathic symptoms thereby enhancing the use of the biothesiometer device in the diagnosis of adults with DSP in the primary care setting.

A etiologia incomum de pancreatite aguda: será que é hipertrigliceridemia? / The unusual etiology of acute pancreatitis: is it hypertriglyceridemia?

A hipertrigliceridemia é uma causa rara de pancreatite aguda, porém é uma etiologia bem estabelecida, e valores acima de 1000 mg/dL é suficiente para causar o quadro agudo. Objetivo: apresentar o caso de uma pancreatite induzida por hipertrigliceridemia. Método: relato de caso de paciente admitido em um serviço de urgência/emergência da atenção secundária, sendo constatado seu diagnóstico de pancreatite por tomografia de abdômen e a etiologia identificada por lipidograma. Resultados: O paciente ficou internado por 6 dias e foi submetido ao tratamento preconizado pelas diretrizes de pancreatite aguda, evoluindo com estabilidade hemodinâmica e melhora do quadro.

Hypertriglyceridemia is an unusual cause of acute pancreatitis, however it is a well­established etiology, and values above 1000mg / dL are sufficient to induce the acute condition. Objective: to present the case of pancreatitis induced by hypertriglyce­ridemia. Method: case report of a patient admitted to an urgency / emergency service of secondary care, with his diagnosis of pancreatitis verified by abdominal tomography and the etiology identified by lipidogram. Results: The patient was hospitalized for 6 days and underwent the treatment recommended by the guidelines of acute pancreatitis, evolving with hemodynamic stability and improvement of the condition.

GlucoSTRESS - Projeto de otimização do controle glicêmico em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos portuguesa nível C (III) / GlucoSTRESS - A project to optimize glycemic control in a level C (III) Portuguese intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Duplicar a percentagem de tempo no intervalo glicêmico 100 - 180mg/dL nos primeiros 3 meses após implementação faseada de um programa de educação formal e, posteriormente, de um protocolo de insulinoterapia, sem condicionar um aumento da frequência de hipoglicemia. Métodos: Foi feita a avaliação retrospetiva do controle glicêmico pré-intervenção. Foram realizados: implementação de um programa formal de educação; distribuição de algoritmos manuais de insulinoterapia endovenosa - otimizados pelos utilizadores, a partir do protocolo de Yale modificado - e formação informal da equipe de enfermagem. Foi dado apoio à utilização dos sistemas eletrônicos de controle glicêmico e do registo prospetivo dos resultados. Resultados: A primeira fase do programa (educação formal) melhorou o tempo no intervalo euglicêmico (28% para 37%). A segunda fase permitiu atingir 66% do tempo de euglicemia, com diminuição das hipoglicemias. A percentagem de doentes sob perfusão endovenosa de insulina às 48 horas de internamento aumentou (6% para 35%). Conclusão: A implementação faseada de um programa formal de educação que favoreceu a aplicação de protocolos de insulinoterapia eletrônicos e manuais dinâmicos demonstrou ter aderência e ser segura e eficaz no controle glicêmico no doente crítico, com diminuição concomitante das hipoglicemias.

ABSTRACT Objective: To double the percentage of time within the 100 - 180mg/dL blood glucose range in the first three months following a phased implementation of a formal education program, and then, of an insulin therapy protocol, without entailing an increased incidence of hypoglycemia. Methods: The pre-intervention glycemic control was assessed retrospectively. Next, were carried out the implementation of a formal education program, distribution of manual algorithms for intravenous insulin therapy - optimized by the users, based on the modified Yale protocol - and informal training of the nursing staff. The use of electronic blood glucose control systems was supported, and the results were recorded prospectively. Results: The first phase of the program (formal education) lead to improvement of the time within the euglycemic interval (28% to 37%). In the second phase, euglycemia was achieved 66% of the time, and the incidence of hypoglycemia was decreased. The percentage of patients on intravenous insulin infusion at 48 hours from admission increased from 6% to 35%. Conclusion: The phased implementation of a formal education program, fostering the use of electronic insulin therapy protocols and dynamic manuals, received good adherence and has shown to be safe and effective for blood glucose control in critically ill patients, with a concomitant decrease in hypoglycemia.

Is the waist/height ratio a better parameter than bmi in determining the cardiometabolic risk profile of obese people? / A razão cintura/estatura é melhor parâmetro que o imc na determinação do perfil de risco cardiometabólico dos obesos?

ABSTRACT Background: The increased prevalence of obesity has led to a significant increase in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, a recognized risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Hyperglycemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension are its main components. Since 2015, international guidelines have recognized the benefits of bariatric surgery in each isolated factor of this syndrome. Aim: To evaluate the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in this syndrome comparing pre- and postoperative periods with laboratory analysis and to compare waist/height ratio and BMI in relation to the determination of the cardiometabolic risk profile. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, selecting 80 patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, body mass index (BMI), vitamin D, vitamin B12, waist circumference and waist/height ratio in three periods were analyzed: the preoperative period from 1 to 6 months, postoperative from 1 to 6 months and postoperative from 1 to 2 years. Results: There was an improvement in all parameters of the clinical analyses. The preoperative BMI had a mean value of 39.8, in the preoperative period from 1 to 6 months, the values ​​dropped to 33.2 and in the postoperative period of 1 year, the mean was 26. The perimeter mean values ​​of 118.5 preoperatively, 105.2 postoperatively from 1 to 6 months and 90.3 postoperatively from 1 to 2 years. Waist/height ratio was 0.73, 0.65 and 0.56 in pre, post 1 to 6 months and 1 to 2 years respectively. Conclusion: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves metabolic syndrome and waist-to-height ratio is superior to BMI in the assessment of the cardiometabolic risk profile.

RESUMO Racional: O aumento da prevalência da obesidade levou ao aumento significativo da ocorrência de síndrome metabólica, fator de risco reconhecido para aumento da morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. A hiperglicemia ou diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial são seus principais componentes. Desde 2015, diretrizes internacionais reconheceram os benefícios da cirurgia bariátrica em cada fator isolado desta síndrome. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto do bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux nesta síndrome comparando períodos pré e pós-operatório com análise laboratorial, e comparar a razão cintura/estatura e o IMC em relação a determinação do perfil de risco cardiometabólico. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo com base prospectiva selecionando 80 pacientes submetidos à bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux. Foram analisados o colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicerídeos, glicemia de jejum, hemoglobina glicada, insulina, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), vitamina D, vitamina B12, perímetro abdominal e relação cintura/estatura em três períodos: o pré-operatório de 1 a 6 meses, pós-operatório de 1 a 6 meses e pós-operatório de 1 a 2 anos. Resultados: Houve melhora em todos os parâmetros das análises clínicas. O IMC, no pré-operatório, teve a média dos valores de 39,8, no pré-operatório de 1 a 6 meses, os valores caíram para 33,2 e no pós-operatório de 1 ano média foi de 26. O perímetro abdominal teve média dos valores de 118,5, no pré-operatório, 105,2 no pós-operatório de 1 a 6 meses e 90,3 no pós-operatório de 1 a 2 anos. A relação cintura/estatura teve 0,73, 0,65 e 0,56 no pré, pós 1 a 6 meses e 1 a 2 anos respectivamente. Conclusão: O bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux melhora a síndrome metabólica e a relação cintura/estatura é superior ao IMC na avaliação do perfil do risco cardiometabólico.

Aderência ao autocuidado em indivíduos diabéticos / Adherence to self-care in diabetic individuals

O autocuidado possui papel fundamental no tratamento do diabete e prevenção de suas complicações. Entre os fatores que apresentam associação com a adesão ao autocuidado está o conhecimento do paciente sobre a doença. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento sobre diabete melito tipo 2 e adesão ao autocuidado. Estudo analítico, observacional, transversal, descritivo. O conhecimento sobre o autocuidado foi feito através de dois questionários validados para a população brasileira: Diabetes Knowlege Scale (DKN-A) e Questionário de Atividade de Autocuidado (QAD). Participaram 61 pacientes. No QAD, observou-se baixa adesão às práticas diárias de autocuidado, sendo que o domínio da atividade física foi a que obteve menor adesão, seguida pela monitorização da glicemia. Quanto aos resultados obtidos no DKN-A, nota-se que a maioria atingiu pontuação igual ou superior a 8, sugerindo conhecimento satisfatório acerca da doença. Em conclusão, observou-se que a maioria atingiu pontuação igual ou superior a 8, sugerindo conhecimento satisfatório. Apesar disso, também a maioria apresentou baixa adesão frente às modificações esperadas no estilo de vida e autocuidado. Sendo assim, o conhecimento sobre a doença não é o único preditor para que isso ocorra.

Self-care has a fundamental role in the treatment of diabetes and prevention of its complications. Among the factors that are associated with adherence to self-care is the patient's knowledge about the disease. This study aims to assess knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus and adherence to self-care. It is analytical, observational, crosssectional, descriptive study. Knowledge about self-care was obtained through two questionnaires validated for the Brazilian population: Diabetes Knowlege Scale (DKN-A) and Self-Care Activity Questionnaire (QAD). 61 patients participated in the study. In the QAD, low adherence to daily self-care practices was observed, and the domain of physical activity was the one with the lowest adherence, followed by blood glucose monitoring. As for the results obtained in the DKN-A, it is noted that the majority reached a score equal to or greater than 8, suggesting satisfactory knowledge about the disease. In conclusion, it is observed that the majority reached a score equal to or greater than 8, suggesting satisfactory knowledge. Despite this, most also showed low adherence to the expected changes in lifestyle and self-care. Therefore, knowledge about the disease is not the only predictor for this to occur.

Relação entre diabetes e sintomas depressivos / Relationship between diabetes and depressive symptoms

O diabete é das doenças crônicas mais recorrentes a nível mundial, e está relacionada com diversas comorbidades, dentre elas a depressão. Este estudo teve por objetivo correlacionar essa doença com transtornos depressivos. Foi realizado estudo transversal e prospectivo com 100 pacientes selecionados. A coleta de dados foi feita por aplicação de 3 questionários: um sobre o perfil socioeconômico do entrevistado; outro, sobre o tempo, tipo do diabete, tratamento e complicações; e um terceiro com 9 perguntas que avaliaram a presença de sintomas para episódio de depressão maior. Em conclusão, mostrou-se que 48% dos pacientes não apresentaram sintomas depressivos; 21% sintomas leves; 12% moderados; 9% moderadamente severo e 10% graves. Assim, foi possível verificar importante associação entre sintomas depressivos e portadores de diabete.

Diabetes is one of the most recurrent chronic diseases worldwide, and is related to several comorbidities, including depression. This study aimed to correlate this disease with depressive disorders. A cross-sectional and prospective study was carried out with 100 selected patients. Data collection was carried out by applying 3 questionnaires: one about the interviewee's socioeconomic profile; another, about time, type of diabetes, treatment and complications; and a third with 9 questions that assessed the presence of symptoms for a major depressive episode. In conclusion, it was shown that 48% of the patients did not present depressive symptoms; 21% mild symptoms; 12% moderate; 9% moderately severe and 10% severe. Thus, it was possible to verify an important association between depressive symptoms and patients with diabetes.

Estresse Percebido e Autocuidado entre Pessoas com Diabetes e Doenças Cardiovasculares / Perceived Stress and Self-care Among Diabetes Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases

O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) corresponde de 90 a 95% de todos os casos e apresenta etiologia multifatorial, envolvendo herança genética e fatores ambientais como: alimentação, sedentarismo, obesidade e idade avançada. Portadores de DM2 necessitam de cuidados específicos, autocuidado contínuo e controle do estresse percebido. Busca-se identificar o estresse percebido e o autocuidado de pacientes, quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e hábitos de vida, associar as variáveis de interesse com atividades de autocuidado. Realizou-se estudo transversal, prospectivo, quantitativo, para conhecer o estresse percebido e autocuidado de portadores DM2, internados em um Hospital Cardiovascular de São José do Rio Preto/SP, por meio de dois questionários e uma escala. Verificou-se que a maioria dos pacientes era idosa, cardiopata, hipertensa, não praticava atividade física, não seguia dieta, entre outros aspectos. O nível de estresse percebido representou escore médio de 26,4 pontos, ou seja, menos da metade do valor total, sugerindo uma baixa percepção de estresse na amostra. Em relação ao domínio do autocuidado, identificou-se que, em geral, era baixo, pois os pacientes não realizavam o autocuidado em, pelo menos, seis dias da semana. Os únicos domínios realizados foram: alimentação específica em média 5,2 dias da semana e uso de medicação em média 4,7 dias da semana. Conclui-se que o presente estudo oferece informações para planejamento do tratamento de portadores de DM2, obtenção do melhor controle glicêmico, sugerindo intervenções educativas ou metodologias e promovendo melhora da adesão aos comportamentos de autocuidado e redução do estresse que influenciam os resultados em saúde desses pacientes.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) corresponds to 90-95% of all cases of DM and has a multifactorial etiology, involving genetic inheritance and environmental factors such as: diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and advanced age. People with DM2 need specific care, continuous self-care, and control of perceived stress. This study aimed to identify the perceived stress and self-care activities of patients associated with socio-demographic, clinical, and lifestyle variables. This cross-sectional, prospective, quantitative study was conducted to understand the perceived stress and self-care of DM2 patients, admitted to a Cardiovascular Hospital in São José do Rio Preto, SP, using two questionnaires and a scale. It was found that most patients were elderly, cardiopathic, hypertensive, did not practice physical activity, did not follow a diet, among other aspects. The perceived stress level represented an average score of 26.4 points, that is, less than half of the total value, suggesting a low perception of stress in the sample. Regarding the self-care domain, it was generally found to be low, as patients did not perform self-care activities on at least six days a week. The only domains performed were specific diet on average 5.2 days a week and medication use on average 4.7 days a week. It is concluded that the present study offers information for planning the treatment of patients with DM2, obtaining the best glycemic control, suggesting educational interventions or methodologies, and promoting improved adherence to self-care activities and reducing stress that influence the health outcomes of these patients.

Prévalence et létalité du diabète chez les patients hospitalisés pour Covid-19 dans la wilaya de Tlemcen: Analyse des facteurs associés à la mortalité / Prevalence and lethality of diabetes in patients hospitalised for Covid-19 in Tlemcen: Analysis of associated factors with mortality

OBJECTIFS : Notre travail a pour objectifs de déterminer la prévalence et la létalité du diabète chez les patients hospitalisés pour Covid-19 dans la wilaya de Tlemcen, et d'identifier les paramètres propres au diabétique qui sont associés à la mortalité. PATIENTS ET METHODES : Etude prospective observationnelle incluant les patients adultes admis pour Covid-19 au CHU de Tlemcen du 1er avril au 31 octobre 2020. Les principales données cliniques incluant symptômes, comorbidités et paramètres de sévérité ont été recueillies sur une fiche clinique. Le diagnostic de Covid-19 a été suspecté sur la clinique et confirmé par scanner thoracique sur les lésions radiologiques typiques ou par test RT-PCR. Le diagnostic du diabète a été établi sur la déclaration du patient et le traitement en cours et la glycémie veineuse. Nous avons contacté les patients par téléphone et demandé l'envoi par internet des documents médicaux pour avoir un bilan du diabète avant le Covid. Le critère d'évaluation principal était la mortalité intra hospitalière. RESULTATS : parmi les 4537 patients hospitalisés pour Covid-19, nous avons recensé 390 diabétiques dont 164 ont été joignables. L'analyse a porté sur 163 patients dont 106 hommes. L'âge moyen était de 63 ans. Le type 2 a été retrouvé chez 96% des patients. La moyenne de la durée du diabète est de 9 ans. Le diabète a été découvert fortuitement chez 14 patients (8,6%). Les traitements antidiabétiques incluaient metformine (73%), sulfamides (37%) et insuline (38%). La prévalence du diabète déclaré était de 8,7%. La mortalité chez les diabétiques était de 9,2%. En analyse multivariée ajustée sur l'âge, le sexe et la durée du diabète, les variables associées au décès étaient : l'antécédent d'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) (p =0,02) et la prise d'inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion (IEC) (p = 0,007). CONCLUSION : Dans notre cohorte de patients infectés par la Covid-19, la prévalence et la mortalité du diabète étaient relativement élevées. L'antécédent d'AVC et la prise d'IEC étaient associés à la mortalité.

OBJECTIVES : The objectives of our study are to determine the prevalence and lethality of diabetes among patients hospitalized for Covid-19 in the province of Tlemcen and to identify the specific parameters to diabetics that are associated with mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective observational study including adult patients admitted for Covid-19 at academic Hospital of Tlemcen from April 1 to October 31, 2020. The main clinical data including symptoms, comorbidities and severity parameters were collected on a clinical file. The diagnosis of Covid-19 was suspected on the clinical presentation and confirmed by chest scanner on typical radiological lesions or by RT-PCR test. The diagnosis of diabetes was established on the statement of the patient and the current treatment and venous blood sugar. We contacted patients by phone and requested that medical documents be sent via the Internet to have an accurate diabetes assessment before the Covid. The primary endpoint is in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: 4537 patients were hospitalized for Covid-19. 390 diabetics identified of which 164 were reachable. The analysis included 163 patients, of whom 106 men. The average age is 63 years. Type 2 diabetes is found in 96%. The average duration of diabetes is 9 years. Diabetes was discovered in 14 patients (8.6%). Antidiabetic treatments included metformin (73%), sulfonylureas (37%) and insulin (38%). The prevalence of declared diabetes is 8.7%. Mortality among diabetics is 9.2%. Variables associated with death on multivariate analysis adjusted on age, sex and duration of diabetes, were history of stroke (pvalue =0,02) and angiotensin-converting enzyme taking (p-value =0,007). CONCLUSION: In our cohort of patients infected with Covid-19, the prevalence and mortality of diabetes is relatively high. Stroke and angiotensin-converting enzyme were associated with mortality.

Diabète gestationnel (DG) en consultation prénatale: dépistage systématique dans un centre de sante urbain de Conakry / Gestational Diabetes in Antenatal Consultation: Systematic Screening In an Urban Health Center of Conakry

Contexte. Pathologie obstétricale fréquente en Guinée, souvent de découverte fortuite, car il n'y a pas de dépistage systématique. L'objectif : était de déterminer la prévalence du diabète gestationnel (DG) en consultation prénatale dans un centre de santé urbain de la ville de Conakry. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective de type descriptif et analytique Elle a été menée au centre de santéde Koulewondy du 1er novembre 2019 au 29février 2020. Le dépistage était proposé à toutes les femmes enceintes entre 24 et 27 SA. Les comparaisons statistiques étaient à l'aide du test Chi2. Les différences étaient considérées signifi catives pour p<0,05. Résultats.Le passage du dépistage ciblé sur les facteurs de risques à un dépistage systématique a permis d'avoir une prévalence du diabète gestationnel en Consultation Prénatale Recentrée (CPNR) de 16,78% dans notre série. Le profi l épidémiologique était celui d'une gestante ménagère sans niveau instruction, mariée et dont l'âge moyen était de : 28,7± 6,5 ans, la parité moyenne était de : 2,11± 1,9 accouchements , l'âge gestationnel moyen était de 27,1± 5,6 SA , la valeur prédictive positive du test de dépistage en fonction des facteurs de risque était de 32,6% et la sensibilité 0,157. Conclusion. Le dépistage demeure le meilleur moyen de prévention.

Contribución del personal de salud en la implementación del programa Meta Salud Diabetes en el norte de México / Contribution of health personnel in the implementation of the Meta Salud Diabetes program in northern Mexico / Contribuição do pessoal de saúde na implementação do programa Meta Salud Diabetes no norte do México / Contribution du personnel de santé à la mise en œuvre du programme Meta Salud Diabetes dans le nord du Mexique

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar facilitadores y obstáculos en la implementación del programa Meta Salud Diabetes, una intervención educativa diseñada para disminuir el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en personas con diabetes, que participan en Grupos de Ayuda Mutua de la Secretaría de Salud, en el norte de México. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte cualitativo. A partir de la Teoría del Proceso de Normalización, en particular del constructo de contribución, se analiza la información que da cuenta de la experiencia del personal encargado de la implementación del programa, en cuatro centros de salud seleccionados para este trabajo. Las fuentes constan de bitácoras de contacto con las encargadas de los Grupos de Ayuda Mutua, relatorías de reuniones de retroalimentación con éstas, diarios de campo de la observación no participante de las sesiones de Meta Salud Diabetes y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: Meta Salud Diabetes pudo ser implementado durante 13 semanas, en los centros de salud que participaron en el estudio. Quienes lo facilitaron, reconocieron su utilidad como un modelo educativo para mejorar las prácticas de autocuidado en las personas con diabetes. Se documentó que el acompañamiento institucional es muy importante para la implementación del programa. Conclusiones: Para la implementación del programa en el futuro, se requiere la asignación sistemática de recursos a los Grupos de Ayuda Mutua, el reconocimiento del trabajo de quienes los coordinan, la mejora en los procesos de supervisión, la contratación de más personal y la colaboración de diferentes profesionales de la salud. El enfoque de la Teoría del Proceso de Normalización para el análisis de la contribución de los agentes, permitió identificar los factores que facilitaron u obstaculizaron la implementación de Meta Salud Diabetes en los casos estudiados. Una limitación de este tipo de investigaciones es la dificultad de aislar el impacto que tienen en los diferentes agentes.

Abstract Objective: Identify facilitators and barriers to implementing Meta Salud Diabetes program, an educational intervention designed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes who participate in Grupos de Ayuda Mutua [Self-help groups] organized by the Ministry of Health in northern Mexico. Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study based on Normalization Process Theory, mainly the "contribution" construct, which analyzes information describing the experience of health personnel in charge of implementing the intervention in four health care centers selected for this article. Data sources include contact logs with Grupos de Ayuda Mutua facilitators and reports from feedback meetings, field notes from non-participant observation of the Meta Salud Diabetes sessions and semi-structured interviews. Results: Meta Salud Diabetes was succesfully implemented for 13 weeks in the health care centers selected for this study. Facilitators recognized its usefulness as an educational model that improves the self-care practices of people with diabetes. The importance of institutional support for the implementation of Meta Salud Diabetes was also documented. Conclusions: Future implementation of the program requires the systematic allocation of resources to the Grupos de Ayuda Mutua, recognition of the work of those who coordinate them, improvement of supervision processes, employing of more staff and collaboration between different health professionals. Using Normalization Process Theory to analyze agentic contribution allowed us to identify the factors that facilitated or hindered the implementation of Meta Salud Diabetes in the studied groups. However, a limitation of this type of study is the difficulty of isolating the specific impact on different agents.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar facilitadores e obstáculos na implementação do programa Meta Salud Diabetes, uma intervenção educacional destinada a reduzir o risco de doença cardiovascular em pessoas com diabetes que participam de Grupos de Ajuda Mútua do Ministério da Saúde no norte do México. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo baseado na Teoria do Processo de Normalização, particularmente no construto "contribuição", são analisadas informações que explicam a experiência do equipe na implementação e coordenação do programa em quatro centros de saúde selecionados para este trabalho. As fontes de informação incluem registros de contatos com os funcionarios dos Grupos de Ajuda Mútua, relatórios sobre reuniões de feedback com eles, jornais de observação de campo não participante das sessões de Meta Salud Diabetes e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Resultados: Meta Salud Diabetes pôde ser implementado por 13 semanas nos centros de saúde que participaram do estudo. Os facilitadores reconheceram sua utilidade como um modelo educacional que aprimora as práticas de autocuidado para pessoas com diabetes. A importância do apoio institucional para a implementação da Meta Salud Diabetes foi documentada. Conclusões: Para a implementação do programa no futuro, é necessária a alocação sistemática de recursos aos Grupos de Ajuda Mútua, o reconhecimento do trabalho daqueles que os coordenam, a melhoria dos processos de supervisão, a contratação de mais pessoal e a colaboração de diferentes profissionais de saúde. A abordagem da Teoria do Processo de Normalização para analisar a contribuição dos agentes, permitiu identificar os fatores que facilitaram ou dificultaram a implementação do Meta Salud Diabetes nos casos estudados. Uma limitação desse tipo de pesquisa é a dificuldade de isolar o impacto que eles têm sobre diferentes agentes.

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